Male external genitalia
Anatomy · Topic 46
Source: NMC CBME Curriculum 2024 · Volume I · Anatomy · Topic 46 · combined PDF page 134
Practice questions
- A review of external genital development summarizes the classic experimental conclusion that testicular secretions, particularly androgens, are necessary for normal male external genital differentiation. Which statement best reflects this conclusion?
- A developmental biology review contrasts androgen actions in the Wolffian duct and external genitalia. Which description best captures the contrast it emphasizes?
- Which receptor-expression pattern is described for developing external genitalia in the review of estrogen and genital development?
- A patient asks whether experimental findings prove that estrogen exposure causes hypospadias in every exposed human fetus. Which response best reflects the evidence summarized in the review?
- A developmental study reports that estrogen exposure in mice is associated with hypospadias-like changes. Which morphogenetic process is specifically identified in the review as disrupted in this model?
- In a review of estrogen-associated external genital abnormalities, which additional developmental feature is described alongside disrupted urethral fusion in the mouse model?
- A researcher uses mouse experiments to investigate androgen signaling in male external genital development. Which limitation should most directly temper extrapolation of mechanistic conclusions to humans?
- A pregnant patient asks whether the timing of a potential exogenous estrogen exposure matters for genital development. Which answer is most consistent with the developmental review?
- A clinician is discussing a proposed causal link between a developmental exposure and human hypospadias. The supporting evidence includes experimental mouse studies showing urethral-fusion disruption. Which inference is most defensible?
- In a systematic review of foreign-material injections for male genital augmentation, which injected substance was most commonly reported across the included literature?
- A man presents years after injecting a foreign substance into the penile shaft for augmentation. Which set of complications is most consistent with the systematic review?
- A patient develops painful swelling and skin compromise after foreign-material injection into the penis. Which serious complication is specifically reported in the systematic review?
- A patient with a symptomatic foreign-body reaction after penile augmentation injection is being considered for treatment. Which broad management pattern is most consistent with the systematic review?
- A patient with severe genital trauma has been stabilized and requires complex reconstruction. Which setting is recommended by the injury review for reconstructive attempts?
- Which statement best reflects the injury review's conclusion about standardized protocols for male external genital trauma?