Common problems related to Development-2 (Autism, ADHD)
Pediatrics · Topic 4
Source: NMC CBME Curriculum 2024 · Volume II · Pediatrics · Topic 4 · combined PDF page 330
Practice questions
- In the Brazilian infant cohort, which set of groups accounts for the full sample of 252 infants aged 6–11 months?
- Compared with infants without an autism family history, which developmental pattern was reported in infants with an autism family history in the Brazilian cohort?
- An infant in the Brazilian cohort has a family history of ADHD. Which group-level temperamental profile most closely matches the reported findings?
- Which environmental finding was shared by infants with a family history of autism and/or ADHD in the Brazilian study, relative to infants without such family history?
- A 9-month-old has an older sibling with autism. What is the most defensible interpretation of the Brazilian cohort findings for this infant?
- Which statement best captures the pattern of developmental findings in the Brazilian family-history study?
- What feature makes the Brazilian family-history study particularly informative about research context, while still limiting generalization?
- In the Barwon Infant Study analysis, which biological measure was examined as a potential mediator between prenatal DEHP exposure and later autism or ADHD symptoms?
- Which study description correctly matches the sample, exposure, and outcome timing in the DEHP epigenetic analysis?
- The DEHP study used both a DEHP methylation profile score and a co-methylated gene network. What was the reported size of that network?
- The DEHP study reported mediation proportions of 0.21–0.80. Which interpretation is most appropriate?
- Which set of findings was reported as enriched in the DEHP-associated co-methylated gene network?
- Which genes were specifically named among the autism and ADHD risk genes enriched in the DEHP-associated network?
- How did the DEHP investigators report validating key findings beyond their main cohort?
- A researcher concludes from the DEHP mediation analysis that an individual child's methylation profile can diagnose autism or ADHD and prove DEHP caused that child's symptoms. Which response best fits the evidence?
- In the prospective infant-sibling sleep study, which caregiver-rated measures showed no difference by later diagnostic status at 10 and 14 months?
- At 24 and 36 months, which sleep pattern was reported among children diagnosed with autism and/or ADHD compared with children without a diagnosis?
- Which design detail best describes the diagnostic comparison in the prospective sleep study?
- What is the most appropriate inference from the report that early sleep involvement may reflect transdiagnostic rather than diagnosis-specific processes?
- Which change over time was specifically reported for the autism group in the sleep study?
- Why did the sleep-study authors identify a need for additional objective sleep measures?
- How does the review define off-time pubertal development?
- Which puberty-related finding did the scoping review report in relation to autism?
- Which subgroup-specific puberty finding was reported in the review for ADHD?
- A young person with autism experiences pubertal physical changes while social expectations rapidly increase. Which proposed mechanism in the review most directly describes a mismatch between rising demands and existing capacity?
- Which trio of mechanisms did the puberty review propose for interaction between off-time puberty and pre-existing theory-of-mind challenges?
- A clinician states that theory-of-mind impairment has been proven to moderate the relationship between off-time puberty and psychopathology in autistic and ADHD populations. What is the most accurate correction based on the review?
- Which description best characterizes the evidence base and method of the puberty review?